The Budtender’s Guide Supplemental Materials

Part 1: History & Policy

The Origins of Modern Prohibition

  1. McPartland, John M., and Geoffrey W. Guy. “Models of Cannabis Taxonomy, Cultural Bias, and Conflicts between Scientific and Vernacular Names – the Botanical Review.” SpringerLink. Springer US, June 22, 2017. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12229-017-9187-0.
  2. Lawler, Andrew. “Oldest Evidence of Marijuana Use Discovered in 2500-Year-Old Cemetery ..” Science, June 12, 2019. https://www.science.org/content/article/oldest-evidence-marijuana-use-discovered-2500-year-old-cemetery-peaks-western-china.
  3. McPartland, John M., William Hegman, and Tengwen Long. “Cannabis in Asia: Its Center of Origin and Early Cultivation, Based on a Synthesis of Subfossil Pollen and Archaeobotanical Studies – Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.” SpringerLink. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, May 14, 2019. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-019-00731-8.
  4. Bian, Z., Sining Ling, Qi Yao, Shu, N. Shu, and Lvchao Qiu. “[PDF] Ethnobotanical Research on Origin , Cultivation , Distribution and Utilization of Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L . ) in China: Semantic Scholar.” [PDF] Ethnobotanical research on origin , cultivation , distribution and utilization of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L . ) in China | Semantic Scholar, January 1, 1970. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ethnobotanical-research-on-origin-%2C-cultivation-%2C-(-Bian-Ling/42b04d14f2cf386f289794481b58a11d513223d3.
  5. Journal, The Asia Pacific. “The Secret History of Cannabis in Japan.” The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, December 5, 2014. https://apjjf.org/2014/12/49/Jon-Mitchell/4231.html.
  6. Lawler, Andrew. “Oldest Evidence of Marijuana Use Discovered in 2500-Year-Old Cemetery ..” Science, June 12, 2019. https://www.science.org/content/article/oldest-evidence-marijuana-use-discovered-2500-year-old-cemetery-peaks-western-china.
  7. Ren, Meng, Zihua Tang, Xinhua Wu, Robert Spengler, Hongen Jiang, Yimin Yang, and Nicole Boivin. “The Origins of Cannabis Smoking: Chemical Residue Evidence from the First Millennium BCE in the Pamirs.” ScienceAdvances, June 12, 2019. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1391.
  8. Liu, Fei-Hu, Hua-Ran Hu, Guang-Hui Du, Gang Deng, and Yang Yang. “Ethnobotanical Research on Origin, Cultivation, Distribution and Utilization of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) in China.” NOPR. NISCAIR-CSIR, India, April 1, 2017. http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/40123.
  9. JP, Hou. “The Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine and the Pen-Ts’ao.” Comparative medicine East and West. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1977. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/343983/.
  10. Ved, Sonal. “The Surprising History of Bhang, India’s Edible Cannabis Drink.” Food52. Food52, March 17, 2022. https://food52.com/blog/27234-what-is-bhang.
  11. Blaszczak, Agata. “Marijuana’s History: How One Plant Spread through the World.” LiveScience. Purch, February 10, 2022. https://www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.htm.
  12. Stoa, Ryan. “A Brief Global History of the War on Cannabis.” The MIT Press Reader, April 20, 2021. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/a-brief-global-history-of-the-war-on-cannabis/.
  13. Bennet, Chris. “Cannabis in the Ancient World .” NaturalMood. Accessed January 19, 2023. http://naturalmood.com/pdfs/pot-book/bennett.pdf.
  14. Bennett, Chris. “The Herb of the Magi: Zoroaster’s Good Narcotic.” Cannabis Culture, October 1, 2019. https://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2019/10/01/the-herb-of-the-magi-zoroasters-good-narcotic/.
  15.  Blaszczak, Agata. “Marijuana’s History: How One Plant Spread through the World.” LiveScience. Purch, February 10, 2022. https://www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.html.
  16.  Stoa, Ryan. “A Brief Global History of the War on Cannabis.” The MIT Press Reader, April 20, 2021. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/a-brief-global-history-of-the-war-on-cannabis/.
  17. Duvall, Chris S. “Cannabis and Tobacco in Precolonial and Colonial Africa.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford, March 29, 2017. https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-44;jsessionid=5E22EA892F174258FE5B7BCA6AAC1048#:~:text=Cannabis%2C%20the%20source%20of%20marijuana,it%20had%20been%20consumed%20orally.
  18. Duvall, Chris S. “African Roots of Marijuana.” Duke University Press, 2019. https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/PubMaterials/978-1-4780-0394-6_601.pdf.
  19. Blaszczak, Agata. “Marijuana’s History: How One Plant Spread through the World.” LiveScience. Purch, February 10, 2022. https://www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.htm.
  20. Ecohustler. “The UK’s Compulsory Cannabis Law – Grow Hemp… or Else.” Ecohustler, January 26, 2018. https://ecohustler.com/technology/the-uks-compulsory-cannabis-law-grow-hemp-or-else.
  21. McNearney, Allison. “The Complicated History of Cannabis in the US.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, April 20, 2018. https://www.history.com/news/marijuana-criminalization-reefer-madness-history-flashback#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20of%20Hemp&text=It%20was%20so%20important%2C%20in,well%20as%20Pennsylvania%20and%20Maryland.
  22. Gandhi, Lakshmi. “A History of ‘Snake Oil Salesmen’.” NPR. NPR, August 26, 2013. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/26/215761377/a-history-of-snake-oil-salesmen.
  23. “The Pure Food and Drug Act.” US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives, June 23, 1906. https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/Pure-Food-and-Drug-Act/.
  24. Woodward, William C. “Statement of William C. Woodward, Legislative Counsel of the American Medical Association.” Statement of dr. William C. Woodward, Legislative Council, American Medical Association. House of Representatives, Committee of Ways and Means, May 4, 1937. https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/woodward.htm.
  25. “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.” United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime, 1961. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/single-convention.html?ref=menuside.
  26. “The Controlled Substances Act.” United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 1971. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa.
  27. History.com Editors. “War on Drugs.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, May 31, 2017. https://www.history.com/topics/crime/the-war-on-drugs.
  28. ProCon.org. “Nov. 5, 1991 – First Medical Marijuana Initiative Passed in San Francisco -.” ProCon.org, September 24, 2019. https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/timeline-events/nov-5-1991-first-medical-marijuana-initiative-passed-in-san-francisco/.
  29. “California Proposition 215, Medical Marijuana Initiative (1996).” Ballotpedia. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_215,_Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996).
  30. Canada, Health. “Government of Canada.” Understanding the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations – Canada.ca. / Gouvernement du Canada, September 30, 2016. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/understanding-new-access-to-cannabis-for-medical-purposes-regulations.html.
  31. Ogden, David W. “Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana.” The United States Department of Justice, October 19, 2009. https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states.
  32. Coffman, Keith, and Nicole Neroulias. “Colorado, Washington First States to Legalize Recreational Pot.” Reuters. Thomson Reuters, November 7, 2012. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-marijuana-legalization/colorado-washington-first-states-to-legalize-recreational-pot-idUSBRE8A602D20121107.
  33. Cole, James M. “Memorandum for All United States Attorneys.” Justice.gov. United States Department of Justice, August 29, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/29520121114101438198031.pdf.
  34. Maybin, Simon. “Uruguay: The World’s Marijuana Pioneer.” BBC News. BBC, April 3, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47785648.
  35. Bulose, Sihle. “Cannabis Law and Legislation in South Africa.” CMS Expert Guides. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/cms-expert-guide-to-a-legal-roadmap-to-cannabis/south-africa.
  36. Government of Canada, Department of Justice. “Cannabis Legalization and Regulation.” Government of Canada, Department of Justice, Electronic Communications, October 17, 2018. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/cannabis/.
  37. Hand, A, A Blake, Paul J Kerrigan, and P Samuel. “(PDF) History of Medical Cannabis – .” ResearchGate.net, January 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316545890_History_of_medical_cannabis.
  38. Gandhi, Lakshmi. “A History of ‘Snake Oil Salesmen’.” NPR. NPR, August 26, 2013. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/26/215761377/a-history-of-snake-oil-salesmen.
  39. “The Pure Food and Drug Act.” The Pure Food and Drug Act | U.S. Capitol – Visitor Center. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/congress-and-progressive-era/pure-food-and-drug-act.
  40. Commissioner, Office of the. “FDA History.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA, June 29, 2018. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-history.
  41. “A History of the Drug War.” Drug Policy Alliance. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.
  42. “The Marihuana Tax Act If 1937.” DrugLibrary.org, May 4, 1937. https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/taxact.htm.
  43. Gierginger, Dale H. “The Origins of California’s 1913 Cannabis Law.” CaNorml.org. California NORML, November 1999. https://www.canorml.org/the-origins-of-californias-1913-cannabis-law/.
  44. Hoeffel, John. “Jack Herer Dies at 70; Author and Advocate for Marijuana Legalization.” LATimes.com. Los Angeles Times, April 24, 2010. https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-jack-herer-20100424-story.html.
  45. Solomon, Robert. “Racism and Its Effect on Cannabis Research.” Cannabis and cannabinoid research. U.S. National Library of Medicine, February 27, 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173675/.
  46. “Hemp for Victory.” Hash Marihuana & Hemp Museum, August 12, 2021. https://hashmuseum.com/en/collection/growing-hemp/hemp-for-victory/.
  47. Wishnia, Steven. “Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy Theory.” Alternet.org, February 21, 2008. https://www.alternet.org/2008/02/debunking_the_hemp_conspiracy_theory.
  48. Galliher, John F., and Allynn Walker. “The Puzzle of the Social Origins of the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.” JSTOR. Oxford University Press, February 1977. https://www.jstor.org/stable/800089.
  49. Woodward, William C. “Statement of William C. Woodward, Legislative Counsel of the American Medical Association.” Statement of dr. William C. Woodward, Legislative Council, American Medical Association. House of Representatives, Committee of Ways and Means, May 4, 1937. https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/taxact/woodward.htm
  50. “Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6 (1969).” Justia Law. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/6/.
  51. Däumichen, Marvin. “The Great Cannabis Scare – Harry J. Anslinger in the 1930s – Researchgate.” Research Gate, September 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326780539_The_Great_Cannabis_Scare_-_Harry_J_Anslinger_in_the_1930s_-_Marvin_Daumichen.
  52. “UN, United Nations, UN Treaties, Treaties.” United Nations. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-18&chapter=6&clang=_en.
  53. Roosevelt, Franklin D. “United States National Archives Catalog.” Archives.gov. National Archives and Records Administration, December 5, 1933. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/299967.
  54. Smith, Laura. “How a Racist Hate-Monger Masterminded America’s War on Drugs.” Medium. Timeline, February 28, 2018. https://timeline.com/harry-anslinger-racist-war-on-drugs-prison-industrial-complex-fb5cbc281189.
  55. “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.” United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime, 1961. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/single-convention.html?ref=menuside.
  56. “The Controlled Substances Act.” United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 1971. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa.
  57. Baum, Dan. “Legalize It All.” Harper’s Magazine , March 31, 2016. https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/.
  58. “A History of the Drug War.” Drug Policy Alliance. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.
  59. “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.” United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime, 1961. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/single-convention.html?ref=menuside.
  60. “Uruguay Is Breaking the International Conventions on Drug Control with the Cannabis Legislation Approved by Its Congress.” United Nations Information Service Vienna International Center, December 11, 2013. https://www.incb.org/documents/Publications/PressRelease/PR2013/press_release_111213.pdf.
  61. Bewley-Taylor, David, and Martin Jelsma. “Regime Change: Re-Visiting the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.” International Journal of Drug Policy. Department of Political and Cultural Studies, College of Arts and Humanities, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK and Drugs & Democracy Programme at the Transnational Institute (TNI) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 12, 2011. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395911001575.
  62. Bacca, Angela. “What Is Stalling the Change in Global Cannabis Policy?” Big Buds Magazine. Advanced Nutrients, May 23, 2019. https://bigbudsmag.com/what-is-stalling-the-change-in-global-cannabis-legislation/.
  63. “High Compliance: Treaty Law Cannabis Legalization Report: Faaat: 2022.” FAAAT, April 1, 2022. https://faaat.net/highcompliance/.
  64. Research and Markets. “The Worldwide Cannabis Industry Is Projected to Reach $90.4 Billion by 2026.” GlobeNewswire News Room. Research and Markets, February 18, 2021. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/02/18/2177949/0/en/The-Worldwide-Cannabis-Industry-is-Projected-to-Reach-90-4-Billion-by-2026.html.

The Origins of Legalization

  1. “The Controlled Substances Act.” United States Drug Enforcement Agency, 1971. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa.
  2. “The Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse.” DrugLibrary.org. US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, March 1972. https://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/Library/studies/nc/ncmenu.htm.
  3. “25 Years Ago: DEA’s Own Administrative Law Judge Ruled Cannabis Should Be Reclassified under Federal Law.” NORML.org. National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, September 5, 2013. https://norml.org/news/2013/09/05/25-years-ago-dea-s-own-administrative-law-judge-ruled-cannabis-should-be-reclassified-under-federal-law/.
  4. Glass, Andrew. “Reagan Declares ‘War on Drugs,’ October 14, 1982.” POLITICO, October 14, 2010. https://www.politico.com/story/2010/10/reagan-declares-war-on-drugs-october-14-1982-043552.
  5. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “War on Drugs.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/war-on-drugs.
  6. “Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986.” Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 | Office of Justice Programs. United States Department of Justice, 1986. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/anti-drug-abuse-act-1986.
  7. Lopez, German. “The Reagan Administration’s Unbelievable Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic.” Vox. Vox, December 1, 2015. https://www.vox.com/2015/12/1/9828348/ronald-reagan-hiv-aids.
  8. Pietrangelo, Ann. “The Effects of HIV on the Immune System, Nervous System, and More.” Healthline. Healthline Media, March 29, 2022. https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/effects-on-body.
  9. Skinner, David, Steve Moyer, Peter Tonguette, Anna Maria Gillis, and Jim Downs. “AIDS in One City: The San Francisco Story.” The National Endowment for the Humanities. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://www.neh.gov/article/aids-one-city-san-francisco-story.
  10. Gardner, Fred. “Dennis Peron and the Passage of Proposition 215.” BeyondTHC.com. O’Shaughnessy’s, 2007. https://beyondthc.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Dennis-and-Prop-215-NB.pdf.
  11. “California Proposition 215, Medical Marijuana Initiative (1996).” Ballotpedia. Accessed January 19, 2023. https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_215,_Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996).
  12. “SB-420 Medical Marijuana.” California Legislative Information. State of California Legislature, October 2003. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200320040SB420.
  13. Ogden, David W. “Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and Prosecutions in States Authorizing the Medical Use of Marijuana.” The United States Department of Justice, October 19, 2009. https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states.
  14. Cole, James M. “Memorandum for All United States Attorneys.” Justice.gov. United States Department of Justice, August 29, 2013. https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/29520121114101438198031.pdf.
  15. https://oaksterdamuniversity.com/a-look-back-at-brownie-mary/
  16. “Recipients of Legal Medical Cannabis, Provided by the U.S. Government under the Investigational New Drug Program (Compassionate Access I.N.D.).” Patients Out of Time. Accessed January 20, 2023. https://medicalcannabis.com/patients-care-givers/federal-ind-patients/.
  17. “U.S. v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers’ Cooperative, 190 F.3d 1109: 9th Cir., Judgment, Law.” Casemine.com. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, September 13, 1999. https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/59147f26add7b0493445ca94.

Laws & Policies

  1. Canada, Global Affairs. “Cannabis and International Travel.” Travel.gc.ca, April 1, 2021. https://travel.gc.ca/travelling/cannabis-and-international-travel.
  2. Sabaghi, Dario. “You Can Risk Death Penalty for Cannabis in These Countries.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, November 8, 2022. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dariosabaghi/2022/03/30/you-can-risk-death-penalty-for-cannabis-in-these-countries/?sh=2a4f78827c8e.
  3. Mitchell, Thomas. “Sweet Leaf Owners Get a Year in Jail for Illegal Pot Sales.” Westword. Denver Westword, January 26, 2019. https://www.westword.com/marijuana/sweet-leaf-owners-accept-plea-over-looping-charges-get-one-year-in-jail-11199046.